The Bessemer Steel Process

The Bessemer Steel Process was a method  of producing high-quality steel by shooting air into molten steel to burn off carbon and other impurities. It was named after the British inventor Sir Henry Bessemer, who worked to develop the process in the 1850s. While Bessemer was working on his process in England, an American, William Kelly, developed a process using the same principle, which he patented in 1857. Both Bessemer and Kelly were responding to a pressing need to refine the methods of manufacturing steel so it would be entirely reliable.   In the decades before the Civil War steel was produced in great quantities. But the quality of it often varied widely. And with large machines, such as steam locomotives, and large structures, such as suspension bridges, being planned and built, it was necessary to manufacture steel that would perform as expected. The new method of producing reliable steel revolutionized the steel industry and made widespread advances possible in railroads, bridge-building, construction, and shipbuilding. Henry Bessemer The British inventor of the greatly improved steel process was Henry Bessemer, who was born in Charlton, England, on January 19, 1813. Bessemers father operated a type foundry, which made mechanical type used in printing presses. He had devised a method of hardening the metal he used, which made his type last longer than type made by his competitors. Growing up around the type foundry, young Bessemer became interested in building things of metal and in coming up with his own inventions. When he was 21  years old, he devised a stamping machine which would be useful to the British government, which routinely stamped important legal documents. The government praised his innovation, yet, in a bitter episode, it refused to pay him for his idea. Embittered by the experience with the stamping machine, Bessemer became very secretive about his further inventions. He came up with a method for manufacturing gold paint to be used for decorative items such as picture frames. He kept his methods so secret that outsiders were never allowed to see the machines used to add metal chips to the paint. Bessemer Contribution to the Steel Industry In the 1850s, during the Crimean War, Bessemer became interested in solving a major problem for the British military. It was possible to produce more accurate cannons by rifling the bores, which meant  cutting groves in the cannon barrel so the projectiles would rotate as they exited. The problem with rifling the cannons commonly used was that they were made of iron, or of low quality steel, and the barrels could explode if the rifling created weaknesses. The solution, Bessemer reasoned, would create steel of such high quality that it could reliably be used to make rifled cannons. Bessemers experiments indicated that injecting oxygen into the steel-making process would heat the steel to such a level that impurities would burn off. He devised a furnace that would inject oxygen into the steel. The impact of Bessemers innovation was dramatic. Suddenly it was possible to make steel of high quality, and high quantities that could be manufactured ten times faster. What Bessemer perfected turned the making of steel into an industry with limitations into a very profitable venture. Impact on Business The manufacturing of reliable steel created a revolution in business. The American businessman Andrew Carnegie, during his business trips to England in the years following the Civil War, took special note of the Bessemer process. In 1872 Carnegie visited a plant in England which was using Bessemer’s method, and he realized the potential of producing the same quality of steel in America. Carnegie learned everything he could about steel production and began using the Bessemer Process at mills he owned in America. By the mid-1870s Carnegie was heavily involved in steel production. In time Carnegie would dominate the steel industry, and high-quality steel would make possible the building of factories which defined the industrialization of America in the late 1800s. The reliable steel produced by the Bessemer process would be used in countless miles of railroad tracks, vast numbers of ships, and in the frames of skyscrapers. Bessemer steel would also be used in the sewing machine, machine tools, farm equipment, and other vital machinery. And the revolution in steel created also created an economic impact as a mining industry was created to dig the iron ore and coal needed to make steel.   The breakthrough that created reliable steel had a cascading effect, and it would not be an exaggeration to say the Bessemer Process helped to transform all of human society.

Canada During the Post-War Period - 1190 Words

The post-war time was a period where major changes were occurring. After being involved in two international conflicts, Canada was ready to reestablish their economy. During this time, Canada had started working on ways to become stronger and reputable. It is evident that Canada had matured through the post-war era. Canada’s economic progress left a positive impact on the growth of the country as consumerism became popular, and economic ties with America became stronger. Moreover, the removal of racial and ethical barriers contributed to Canadian social affairs such as the huge wave of immigration and the baby boom. The Canadian government also had become more aware and involved in issues impacting Canadian citizens. Canada as a whole†¦show more content†¦Lawrence Seaway â€Å"was like a huge economic zipper knitting these [two] countries together,† which it had; it allowed the two countries to effortlessly trade (Aitken et al., 321). With new inventions being made it allowed Canadians to discover more of what Canada had to offer. To many people’s surprise, Canada was overflowing with possibilities of industries. Every part of Canada had a different potential. For example, the eastern part was supplying raw materials to the United States, such as iron ore, nickel and copper. By 1960, Ontario was producing almost 60% of Canada’s metal output. Western Canada made a discovery of the abundance of oil and gas (Aitken et al., 318). In result, Canada was taking part in the industrial revolution, as it was slowly evolving into a country based on industries, and products. The baby boom and increase in immigration allowed for the extensive prosperity in Canada. The post-war experience allowed the federal government to remove ethical and racial barriers in immigration. Before 1961, more than 90% of immigrants were from Europe, however when racial and ethical means were dropped there was more variety in immigrants. In 1971, was a historical moment for Canada as it was the first time ever that most immigrants were not from Europe. In result, Canada was more multicultural than ever before. Immigration policies took an alteration in 1978 after the introduction of the Immigration Act. The Immigration Act was committed toShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts of Changing Immigration Patterns of the Post-War Period1224 Words   |  5 Pagesnation of Canada had many stages of change. Transformations of immigration during the post-war period greatly impacted the society and immigration patterns of today. These changes included the post-war immigration boom, a less segr egating Immigration Act and the rise of multicultural and refugee immigration. Post-war immigration patterns have differed from previous waves of immigration due to their size and source of immigration resulting in a grand change in the ‘face’ of Canada. During the post-warRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union After World War II874 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a direct result of the feud between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. Due to this feud both countries made alliances, Canada went with the United States as well as many other countries and together formed NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Following the influence and model of the United States’ social structure and capitalist economy, as well as the constant threat of nuclear warfare and communism, a new social structure was created within CanadaRead MoreThe Role Of Women During Post War Period1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women During the post-war period women were getting more opportunities and freedoms within society, while at the same time getting more limitations. Using one’s maternal instinct was a concept that was heavily stressed during this period and made a big impact on their home life and work life. The Cold War was a time where women had a lot of responsibilities to both their family but also society. They were the caretakers and had an incredible amount of work to do in preparation of nuclearRead Morehow did war change canada1322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿How Did The Second World War Change Canada? The act of warfare has never been and will most likely never be celebrated and perceived as a beneficial act for humanity. In most instances throughout history, the act of war has represented loss of life, a loss to great for any wartime triumph to overcome. Despite the negative connotations that warfare implies, a nation which goes through a major war can often emerge positively transformed. The Second World War represents a colossal juncture in Canada’sRead More Post-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict The end of the Cold War meant that the ideological conflict of dominance between East (Soviet Union and Eastern Europe) and West (USA and Western Europe) was over. Contrary to the expectations that world would be much safer in the post-Cold War, United States and Soviet Union were faced with new security issues that they did not know how to deal with. The objective of this essay is to show that with all these changes thatRead MoreThe Historical Representation Of The Canadian Wilderness993 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic and political environment of two time periods - Post World War I and the Great Depression, and post-World War II. The two examples of his paintings are, The Old Mill Elora, (35.6 x 40.7 cm), 1930, watercolour on paper, in private collection, painted post-World War I during the great depression; and the other Prelude, 1945, oil on Masonite, (76.2 x 91.5 cm), in The Faculty Club, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, painted post-World War II (Paul Duval, 1980, p. 18). Comparative analysisRead MoreThe Iranian Hostage Crisis Of 19791667 Words   |  7 PagesWestern â€Å"realm† is held together by shared values and sense of community, amongst other features, and Khomeini’s Iran had proven itself to be not only an ideological threat to Westerners, but a security one as well as exemplified by the hostage-taking, Canada swiftly worked bilaterally to defend its realm by sheltering 6 American diplomats in the home of Canadian Ambssador Ken Taylor, and covertly aiding the C.I.A. in the hostages’ extraction . Canada’s role in the hostage crisis internationally reinforcedRead MoreCanada Is A Peacekeeping Country1510 Words   |  7 Pagesreflects fundamental values, beliefs and interests. Canada has been a leader in peace operations since its development that spearheaded by a Canadian. In fact, Canada’s role as peacekeeper remains the main focus of the Canadian military after its invention around 60 years ago, originally started by a Canadian. Their efforts have gained an international reputation for Canada as a significant contributor to international peace and stability. While Canada has an exemplary history in UN peacekeeping, theRead MoreThe Importance of Immigration to the Canadian Economy in the Early 20th Century765 Words   |  3 Pagesone in five people living in Canada were immigrants. As immigrants were introdu ced to the freshly structured land and economy of Canada it began to show that immigration was essential to the financial structure of Canada. Some of the reasons that immigration was important to the Canadian economy in the early 20th century is that it prevented American expansion, Railway Business benefited from providing service to western Canada, immigrants started new businesses in Canada and industrialization and urbanizationRead MoreA Compare and Contrast Analysis of Experiences in the Iraq and Vietnam Wars832 Words   |  4 PagesVietnam war, a war that many are to this day still living with the consequences. The Things They Carried, written by William Timothy OBrien. The story takes place in Vietnam, during the war, sometime in the 1960s. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, and his unit are in Vietnam serving for the United States. Jimmy, is in love with a college woman named Martha from back home. Martha writes Jimmy many letters about school, rarely mentioning the war. This i s the story of group of soldiers in the war, and the

Personal Convictions Arise When Areas Of The Bible Are Gray

Personal convictions arise when areas of the Bible are gray. In the New International Bible Dictionary, conviction is described as a way the Holy Spirit convinces Christians of the path towards righteousness (Douglas Tenney, 1987, p. 232). In contrast, according to the Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary, conviction is defined as â€Å"a strong persuasion or belief†. A personal conviction is a combination of both definitions, combining strong beliefs with God’s placement of them on a person’s heart. In order to facilitate Christlike thinking and action in one’s life, a Christian should have and develop their own personal convictions. Personal Conviction Development Personal convictions get their start by our faith education base and how we†¦show more content†¦49). Personal convictions should be developed in order for the Christian to begin to understand Christlike thinking and action. Convictions to Avoid Not all convictions help us maintain our path towards Christ’s likeness. Convictions that are linked to nothing more than superstitions can harm a Christian’s focus. For example, on Facebook there are multiple instances claiming if a post is shared, the person will be blessed. There is no merit to these posts and Christians should not spend time on these superstitions. The only way to be blessed in this life, is through the son, Jesus Christ. Sharing and posting on Facebook may be entertaining, however it does not lead to Christian thinking or action. As Christians, our focus should be on God and what His Word says. There are no quick and fast ways down a Christian life path. The Bible warns us against a superstitious focus in 1 Timothy 4:7, as Paul clearly tells Timothy to stay clear of any superstitious myths or tales and focus on God. This is good advice for us all in today’s world. Another conviction that should be avoided are those that are established to attract attention for a selfish ego. A few years back, a group of church members decided to attempt a Daniel Fast over the Lenten season. Several members on the fast added a competitive element. They were determined to be the only ones

Personal Philosophy of Nursing - 1021 Words

Personal Philosophy of Nursing I believe that balance is necessary to living a healthy lifestyle. Fun and pleasure are a necessity of life. When you are living healthy, you are building up your immune system, strengthening your body and mind, fueling yourself with nutrients that will help you to grow and progress, and becoming stronger, quicker, confident, conscious, and bettering yourself all-around. Personal Philosophy on Personal Health I aim to eat as little processed foods as possible, and prefer to eat natural, whole foods. I avoid additives. Food is fuel, and food should also taste incredible. I love to experiment in the kitchen and while it doesn’t always turn out as I had hoped, I still learn something from my faults and†¦show more content†¦They share complete and impartial information with patients and families, with the patients consent. Nurses empower all employees and physicians to provide patient- and family centered care. Personal Philosophy on Fellow Health Care Professionals We should uphold our personal and professional ethical standards at all times. When we find conflict between our personal beliefs and those of the patient, we should endeavor to find a mentor to guide us through our conflict and find a solution that meets the needs of the patient without compromising our own personal belief system. As nurses, we must vow to take accountability for our own actions. I must remember that my fellow nurses can be great resources. They deserve respect and recognition for their hard work, reliability, and knowledge. Nurses should support and assist fellow nurses, nursing students, and other healthcare providers to provide a positive team environment Together we can collaborate to maximize the patient’s health potential on the illness-wellness continuum. As nurses, we can do our part to improve the image of the nursing profession through daily work ethics as well as involvement in the community, political, and professional nursing organizations. Through these forums, nurses can collectively improve healthcare standards both locally and globally. Conclusion I think I am still in nursing today because every day always brings new opportunities and experiences. The field of nursingShow MoreRelatedPersonal Nursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1475 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing When one thinks of a nurse they often think of a caring, compassionate, knowledgeable individual. They don’t often think that every nurse comes from different situation, past experiences, and life changing events that make nurses who he or she is. Everyone on this earth is unique and has something to contribute. The same goes for patients. Each patient has a different background and have different interests which make them who they are. In order to give the optimalRead MorePersonal Nursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1190 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing Megan A. Farrell Moberly Area Community College Introduction I, Megan Farrell, am currently a Licensed Practical Nurse at a treatment center that works with prisoners. I accepted a clinical positon here as a graduate, but plan to work in a hospital setting once I have become a Registered Nurse working in the Intensive Care Unit. I quickly worked my way up the latter from the clinic nurse to the Chronic Care nurse and I am quite passionate about furtherRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing1500 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing Personal Philosophy of Nursing Pamela Metzger September 11, 2011 Jacksonville University Personal Philosophy of Nursing Nursing Philosophy What is nursing, what does nursing mean to me? After much thought I have put together a few ideas of what the term nursing means to me, along with some supporting ideas from references I have read. Jacksonville University School of Nursing Philosophy One of the primary foundations of the philosophy of JacksonvilleRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing682 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing Rosenald E. Alvin Florida Atlantic University A journey of 1000 miles begins with a single step, a Chinese proverb that I have come to live by through my journey of nursing. I never thought in a millions years that I would have become a nurse. When I was younger nursing was the only profession my mother pushed. It was as if everyone in our family had to be a nurse. Honestly, I think I rebelled from the thought of being a nurse simply because it was my mothers desireRead MorePersonal Nursing Philosophy1055 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Nursing Philosophy My personal definition of nursing would be getting your patient to the highest level of health you can in your time with them while incorporating their family, environment, and beliefs/culture with a high level of critical thinking at all times. The American Nursing Association defines it as â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of humanRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Nursing810 Words   |  4 Pages12, September 2012 Personal Philosophy of Nursing The American Nurses Association defines nursing as, â€Å"protection, and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of the individuals, families, communities, and populations.† (American Nurses Association, 2004, p. 7) There is a lot of work in nursing. There are lot of cores, focuses, visions, and philosophies of nursing. In my opinion thereRead MoreNursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing932 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Nursing My personal philosophy of nursing began at an early age watching my mother volunteer for 25 years on the local rescue squad, following in the footsteps of her mother. I learned that helping others in a time of need should always be a priority. Respect and dignity should always be shown to people, no matter the who they are or where they are from. I have and will continue to show compassion for others while administering professional holistic care, guided by the AmericanRead MoreThe Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1642 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is aimed at addressing the personal philosophy of nursing (PPN) in caring for the people, their-health and their-environment. PPN is defined as the way of navigating true about understanding individual or people living situation in according to their values, beliefs, health and surrounding (Whitman, Rose, 2003). This PPN has reflected many times in my previous works as an assistant in nurse, with the ACT agents known as Rubies Nursing. In this role, I have cared for both moderate andRead MoreThe Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1820 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper is aimed at addressing the Personal Philosophy of Nursing (PPN) in caring for the people, their-health and their-environment. PPN is defined as the way of navigating true about understanding individual or people living situation in according to their values, beliefs, health and surrounding (Whitman, Rose, 2003). Nurses in the process of applying for work may be asked about their PPN, and it is sometimes a required part of an employment packages. This PPN has reflected many times in myRead MoreNursing Philosophy Essay : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing903 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Philosophy Paper Ndeye Ndack Gueye University of Central Oklahoma NURS 1221 December 1, 2017 Personal Philosophy Paper Nursing is a worthy career that allows the specialized nurse to improve healthcare. I believe that nursing is not only caring for the sick and injured, but also making the patients your priority. They should be treated with care, kindness, dignity, respect and compensation and not judged. In return, they should be able to trust you and be comfortable

New Public Health Measures Free Essays

string(123) " the steady rise of health promotion, expressed such ways as the formation of the Australian Health Promotion Association\." THE NEW PUBLIC HEALTH Stephen R Leeder 7 March 2005 James Cook University, Townsville Introduction All of us here today are public health enthusiasts. If we weren’t we would be somehwere else, maybe helping sick people to get better. That is a worthy calling and thank goodness for all the people who do it. We will write a custom essay sample on New Public Health Measures or any similar topic only for you Order Now But so too is prevention, so too is keeping society healthy, so too is protecting the environment, so too is keeping food and water safe, so too is attending to immunization and child health. When we talk about public health these latter things, that focus on the whole community, or groups within society and the things that determine their health, are what we are talking about. This is big picture stuff. This is about asking why some communities are healthy and some are ill. Why do some communities have such high rates of diabetes, like the Pacific Islands, while other countries have no diabetes but lots of HIV and TB? These are the kind of interests and enthusiasms that have led people into public health as a career for as long as it has been around. These are the kind of questions that were asked ages ago and which are still appropriate to be asked now. So what is this thing called the ‘new’ public health? How has it come about and does it have added value? In brief, the new public health has come about because of growing interest in the subtle interaction of the environment with people living in affluent societies. The old public health remains the public health that most of the world needs, quite frankly, because communicable disease, malnutrition and other scourges are still the major killers worldwide. These are more or less the same as those that led people in the fifteenth century to look at how things such as the plague and cholera could be controlled through sanitation, clean water and quarantine. The new public health But the new public health is much more concerned with the interplay between affluence, social well being, education and health, social capital and health. These are not hard and fast things, like having no system for waste water disposal or using contaminated drinking water. They are more subtle, but in societies like ours where the basic public health engineering and mmunization and food safety are well in place and require surveillance but not reinvention, these new factors – the social, economic and community quality factors – are rising in importance as determinants of health and causes of illness. 1 For example, Michael Marmot has done studies with Geoffrey Rose and others in the UK examining coronary disease rates among civil servants, known a s the Whitehall studies. They found that things like a sense of social control and cohesiveness were important determinants of whether people develop coronary disease. Money wasn’t everything. In the Whitehall II study, Marmot (Director of the International Centre for Health and Society at the University College London) and his colleagues examined the psychological characteristic of work termed â€Å"low control† – meaning that an individual worker had little control over his or her daily activities in the workplace. The results showed that it was an important predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it had an important role in accounting for the social gradient in coronary disease. 1 The origins of the new public health The Canadians have been very active over many years in promoting our understanding about the interplay between society and social environmental factors and health. This started in 1974 when Marc Lalonde, who was then the Canadian health minister, commissioned a report on the health of Canadians which proposed four sets of factors that were important to keep in mind when thinking about the health of the public. The Lalonde Report2 refers to these four factors collectively as â€Å"The Health Field Concept†. The four elements are human biology, environment, lifestyle and health care organization. The human biology element includes all those aspects of health, both physical and mental, which are developed within the human body as a consequence of the basic biology of man and the organic make-up of the individual. The environment category includes all those matters related to health which are external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control (for example, foods, water supply, etc). The lifestyle category consists of the aggregation of decisions by individuals which affect their health and over which they more or less have control. The fourth category in the concept is health care organisation, which consists of the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships of people and resources in the provision of health care – the health care system. The Lalonde Report was ground breaking in its day and provoked widespread international interest. Implementation proved to be far harder than was expected and the resilience of the health-care system to drain resources away from the first three fields was spectacular. Nevertheless, Canada has had a more lively interest in the contribution of the first three fields to health and has preserved a degree of control over health care, including rigid enforcement of a restriction on numbers of doctors trained and practicing, ever since. Although perhaps not a direct consequence of the Lalonde Report, Canada has also 2 played a leading role in the evolution of health promotion as a discipline. Several of the leaders in the field, now nearly 30 years on from the Report, are Canadians. They have had a special sensitivity to the potential for health gain by examining not only what can be done to encourage and sustain changes in individual human behaviour that will contribute to better health, but also those changes that can be effected in the natural and built environment that can assist in achieving this goal. Health promotion and the new public health In Australia, the new public health has been reflected in the steady rise of health promotion, expressed such ways as the formation of the Australian Health Promotion Association. You read "New Public Health Measures" in category "Papers" The Association’s major objectives include providing opportunities for members’ professional development, increasing public and professional awareness of the roles and functions of health promotion practitioners, and contributing to discussion, debate and decision making on health promotion policy and programs. Since its incorporation in 1990, the Health Promotion Association has grown and developed such that it now has an established function and a central place in Australia’s health promotion landscape. Health promotion is an active form of public health in which an agenda is set with communities and individuals to affirm positively the value of health and push towards high levels of health, seeing it rather as the WHO does as a positive state of well being and not simply the absence of illness. Health promotion uses a range of tactics and methods to achieve its ends, including community participation, development and skill strengthening, advocacy (where health professionals and others lobby for health to be taken seriously at political and commercial levels), and education. Something of a contrast has come to be drawn between the activist promotion end and the formal epidemiological end of the public health spectrum, the former hoeing in boots and all to effect change and the latter taking careful steps, using rigorous studies and statistics, to establish cause and effect relationships before acting. Both groups tend to drive one another nuts. This is a lively tension and not one that is likely to go away. Professor Fran Baum who is head of the Department of Public Health at Flinders University in Adelaide has written a book entitled The new public health: an Australian perspective, that I commend to you. In it the idea of the new public health is given extensive coverage. 3 Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective The new public health overlaps and interacts with other health movements of the past decade – particularly health promotion, primary health care, community health, women’s health, Aboriginal health, workers’ health and health education. History of the new public health The new public health started to develop in the 1980s. It was in the mid-1980s that there was a significant shift in public health when the WHO’s first international conference on health promotion was held in Ottawa, Canada. There were two driving forces behind the Ottawa Charter. It was clear that the Health for All by the Year 2000 strategy was not being adopted by industrialised countries, and the limitations of the lifestyle and behavioural approaches were increasingly being seen as requiring a new conceptualization for health promotion. Also the time was opportune for a more health promotion statement. The Ottawa Charter managed to integrate many of the different perspectives of health promotion. While being seen as the foundation of the new public health, it did not reject behavioural and lifestyle approaches, but saw them as part of the acquisition of personal skills for health. The Charter is based on the belief that health requires peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice and equity as prerequisites. 4 Box 3. 1: The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986 The Development of healthy public policy, which recognises that most of the private and public sector policies that affect health lie outside the conventional concerns of health agencies. Rather they are in policies such as environmental protection legislation, progressive taxation, welfare, occupational health and safety legislation and enforcement, land rights legislation and control of the sale and distribution of substan ces such as alcohol and tobacco. Health becomes, therefore, a concern and responsibility of each sector of government. The creation of supportive environments in which people can realise their full potential as healthy individuals. The Charter recognises the importance of social, economic and physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experiences of health. †¢ Strengthening community action refers to those activities that increase the ability of communities to achieve change in their physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experience of health. †¢ The development of personal skills acknowledges the role that behaviour and lifestyles plays in promoting health. The skills called for are those that enable people to make healthy choices. It also extends the skills base for health to those associated with community organisation, lobbying and advocacy, and the ability to analyse individual problems within a structural framework. †¢ Reorientation of health services is a call for health systems to shift their emphasis from (in most industrialised countries) an almost total concentration on hospital-based care and extensive technological diagnostic and intervention to a system that is community-based, more user-friendly and controlled, which focuses on health. The Ottawa Charter stresses the importance of, and recommends: †¢ Advocacy for health †¢ Enabling people to achieve their full health potential †¢ Mediation between different interests in society for the pursuit of health Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective Following in the spirit of the Ottawa Charter, in 1986 the Better Health Commission (BHC), a group established by the then Commonwealth Minister for Health, Neal Blewett, published Looking Forward to Better Health. Its brief was to recommend ways in which health in Australia might be promoted, especially though ways that were 5 nconventional for the medical and public health professions. It was part of Australia’s response to the World Health Organization’s commitment to achieve equitable levels of health for all people, according tot the political and economic possibilities of each country, by 2000. This report contained proposals for achieving greater equity in he alth in Australia together with strategies to address several major preventable contributors to death and disease. Task forces established goals and targets for three priority health topics: cardiovascular disease, nutrition and injury. In making these choices the Commission was concerned to identify not only big problems, but also problems potentially amenable to prevention. Heart disease, the principal cause of death, was also chosen because of its multiple modifiable causes (e. g. diet, smoking an sedentary living), nutrition because of its multiple consequences (e. g. diabetes, heart disease and cancer) and injury because it cannot be dealt with preventively by efforts confined to health care but must involve industry, transport, law enforcement and industrial relations. These three major health problems in contemporary Australian society are priorities for health promotion by virtually any criterion. The work of the BHC was taken further in the National Better Health Program and led to the formulation of national health goals and then national health priorities which remain in place today. By the end of the 1980s, despite success, there was some Australian scepticism about the new directions in public health. Some questioned whether the new public health was really ‘new’ or simply old ideas in new clothing. This criticism is somewhat harsh as one of the features of the Ottawa Charter is that it does not ignore public health history but rather builds on it. The Ottawa Charter reflected numerous social and health movements of the previous 120 or so years. Its claims to be ‘new’ derives from how it pulled together numerous and diverse movements to present a package which gave public health a more radical and cohesive direction than had been the case for some time. Today, public health is alive and well and confronting in this country the challenges that it can assist ameliorate. We are an astonishingly healthy nation – on average. We have the second longest healthy life expectancy of all nations, a fraction behind Japan. But within our country we have communities including those of some of our Indigenous people where these privileged are far from being available. It is here that a combination of old and new public health measures is required. Good work is being done and more is needed. This is the mission of public health. 6 References 1. Marmot, M ‘Inequalities in Health’, The New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(2):134-136 2. Lalonde, M (1974) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa: National Ministry of Health and Welfare 3. Baume, F (1998) The new public health: an Australian perspective Publisher: Oxford University Press 4. Leeder S R (1999) Healthy Medicine, Challenges facing Australia’s health services Publisher: Allen Unwin 7 How to cite New Public Health Measures, Papers

Marketing test Essay Example For Students

Marketing test Essay Ch 5 Consumer behavior- Processes a consumer uses to make purchase decisions, as well as to use and dispose of purchased goods or services. 5 Steps to decision process- need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternative, purchase, post purchase behavior. Need recog- result of an imbalance between actual and desired states. External stimuli is a pic, internal stimuli is a past experience, good or bad. Recognition of unfulfilled wants- when a product isnt performing properly, when consumer is running out of product, when another product is better than one being used. Info search- internal (memory) and external (tv). EVOKED SET (consideration set)- group of brands, resulting from an information search from which a buyer can choose. Evaluation of alternatives- rank attributes by importance, analyze product attributes, use cut off criteria. Post purchase behavior- Cognitive dissonance inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistence between behavio r and values or opinions. Consumers try to reduce dissonance by justifying their decision. Factors determining the level of consumer involvement- previous experience, interest, perceived risk of negative consequence, situation, social visibility. Underlying cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors strongly influence the decision process. Culture play deepest part of a persons consumer behavior, culture is pervasive, functional, learned, and dynamic, and the most defining element of a culture is values. Marketers are interested in social class for 2 reasons, Social class often indicates which medium to use for advertising, and knowing what products appeal to which social classes. Reference groups- a group in society that influences an individual purchasing behavior. Primary membership group- a reference group with which people interact regularly in an informal, face to face manner. Secondary membership group- A reference group with people associate less consistently an d more formally that a primary such as a club, pro group or religious group. Aspirational reference group- A group that someone would like to join. Norm- A value or attitude deemed acceptable by a group. Reference groups have 3 implicatons- serve as info sources and influence perception, affect individual aspiration levels, their norms either constrain or stimulate consumer behavior. Ch 6 Business products- used to manufacture other products, become part of another product, aid the normal operations of an organization, are aquired for resale without change in form. Internet Marketing opportunities- increase efficiency, reduce cost, improve customer service, create 1to1 relationships, introduce new products, expand markets. Benefits of marketing on the net- lower prices, greater selection of products and vendors, access to customer and product sales data, around the clock ordering and customer service, lower cost, customized products. Strategic alliance- 2 companies come together *Al ways maintain control of your customer list* Some alliances are formed to achieve economies of scale, and to leverage what they have. Keiretsu- a network of interlocking corporate affiliates a bunch of companies linked to holding companies. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)- A detailed numbering system developed by the US, Canada, and Mexico, to classify North American business establishments by their main production processes. Derived demand- the demand for business products. Inelastic demand- an increase or decrease in the price of the product will not significantly affect demand for the product. Joint Demand- the demand for two or more items used together in a final product. Fluctuating demand Bull Whip Theory/ Multiplier effect- Phenomenon in which a small increase or decrease in the consumer demand can produce a much larger change in demand for the facilities and equipment needed to make the consumer product. Nature of Buying- business buyers usually approac h purchasing rather formally. Reciprocity- a practice where business purchaser choose to buy from their own customers. Type of business products- major equip, accessory equip, raw materials, component parts, processed materials, supplies, business services. OEM- means original equipment manufacturer. OEMs buy business goods that they incorporate into the products that they produce for eventual sale to other producers or to consumers. Buying Center-initiator, influencers, gatekeepers (most important decide what goes through) decider, purchaser, users. Evaluation Criteria- Price, service, quality(most important). Buying Situations- New buy, modified rebuy, straight rebuy. CH7: Importance of market segmentation- Markets have a variety of product needs and preferences, marketers can better define customer needs, decision makers can define objectives and allocate resources more accurately. 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Peak Experience and Performance The Positive Energy of a “Runner’s High” Essay Sample free essay sample

Abraham Maslow has done extended research on the constructive and appeasement phenomenon known as the â€Å"peak experience† . These mind/body experiences are a trademark of what Maslow refers to as exceeding self-actualization and a individual. who experiences many of these peak experiences. is said to be a transcending self-actualizer. Harmonizing to Maslow. these types of people are the most aesthetically pleased and at the top of his theoretical hierarchy of demands. This must intend so that I am a transcending self-actualizer. because I have many extremum experiences when I run. The â€Å"runners high† I feel when I have pushed myself to my physical bounds helps me to exceed to a mental sense of wellbeing that can merely be explained by Maslow’s theory. Science. besides explains the wellness benefits of my â€Å"runners high† and I promote to everyone. the positive effects of running. it makes me experience fantastic! After I have run for some clip and passed what I consider my threshold of what my musculuss can manage. We will write a custom essay sample on Peak Experience and Performance: The Positive Energy of a â€Å"Runner’s High† Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I feel like I am in a zone where everything around me and within me is clearer and simpler. I am proud of what I have accomplished and I feel a sense of pride and peace with who I am. Sometimes I run entirely. but since I am such an advocator of this positive activity. I encourage friends to fall in me. When I run with others. it seems like we have a bonding experience that I do non hold at other minutes in life. This is precisely as Maslow explains the phenomenon of the peak experience. We are more whole. more incorporate. more cognizant of ourselves and of the universe during peak minutes. At such times we think. act. and experience most clearly and accurately. We are more loving and accepting of others. hold less interior struggle and anxiousness. and are better able to set our energies to constructive usage. Some people enjoy more peak experiences than others. peculiarly those Maslow called exceeding self-actualizers ( Frager A ; Fadiman. 2005 ) . My positive emotional and mental province from running does non last for a great trade of clip. The â€Å"runner’s high† is something that appears when I am about done with my tally ( about 3. 5 stat mis into a 5 stat mi excursion ) and carries me throughout the remainder of the trip. When I stop. I still feel clearer and more in touch with my ego. But. the peak minute is brief. where I feel wholly on top of the universe and with one with the remainder of my natural milieus. The fatigue boots in and I go back to my normal province of being. But. I can state that I do hold these peak experiences each clip I run. I believe that a portion of this phenomenon every bit good is that I know that my life will last longer. because I am taking better attention of my organic structure. Knowing this and that life is cherished is a portion of the wellbeing I feel. Research has. besides shown that I am widening my life as portion of my running. â€Å"Endorphins and other morphine-li ke substances known as opioids. which are released during exercising. don’t merely do you experience good — they may besides protect you from bosom onslaughts. harmonizing to University of Iowa researchersâ€Å" ( University of Iowa. 2007 ) . In shutting. I on a regular basis experience what Abraham Maslow coined as a peak experience. I feel that through my running. I am healthier. happier. and inexplicably at a peaceable topographic point in my head that I have neer experienced through other locales. When I jog with others. I feel a different kind of bond than from other interactions and I believe we are all at our ain clip and in our ain manner experiencing those peak experiences. sometimes referred to as a â€Å"runner’s high† . This signifier of activity has led me to the highest kind of self-actualization and I am really proud of that. Mentions: Frager. R. . A ; Fadiman. J. ( 2005 ) . Personality and Personal Growth ( 6th ed. )Pearson. New york: Prentice Hall University of Iowa ( 2007. November 9 ) . ‘Runner’s High’ May Besides Strengthen Hearts.ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 12. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sciencedaily. com ­ /releases/2007/11/071108115611. htm.

The Future Generation free essay sample

I never realized how lucky I was to be blessed with having shelter, food and clothes to wear. I always took things for granted and always expected things to go my way and to receive everything that I wanted, instead of working hard towards my goal myself. Looking back, I was only doing what every typical child in our generation was doing. Our generation is considered the Generation Y, The Millennial, Generation Next, or Generation me. We are the generation of people born during the 1980s and early 1990s. Our generation is growing and increasing in size every single day. Our generation’s population size has reached the point where we’re the largest part of the entire human population. Unlike other generations before us like our parents the Baby Boomers, we the Millennial Generation have extremely outstanding qualities and a great environment filled with excess amount of opportunities but we take it for granted without realizing it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future Generation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We as the future generation are extremely lucky to be living in this era despite the many hard obstacles that we are currently struggling through. We are capable of making the world a better place through community service or even starting movements to end a cause. But even with these given opportunities within our grasp, our generation can’t fully benefit or even acknowledge them to the greatest of our abilities because of our egotistic nature, materialism and social media addiction. Our generation is filled with many egotistic youth who only care about themselves. It’s hard for our generation to not have this sense that we are special and should have the center of attention at all times. In Larry Gordon and Louis Sahagun’s essay â€Å"Gen Y’s Ego Trip Takes a Bad Turn†, Jean Twenge a San Diego State associated professor and lead author states â€Å"Some of the increase in narcissistic attitudes was probably caused by the self-esteem programs that many elementary schools adopted 20 years ago, the study suggests. It notes that nursery school programs began to have children sing songs that proclaim: â€Å"I am special, I am special. Look at me† (167). We basically have had this mindset of being the center of attention through what we learned in elementary whether it was through music and singing or just hearing it from our peers. In Jonah Goldberg’s essay â€Å"Isn’t That Special†, Twenge made a report with her team of psychologist on the self-esteem issue which led to their conclusion that â€Å"Today’s American youth are the most self-absorbed since we’ve studied the subject. We need to stop endlessly repeating, you’re special, and having children repeat that back, Twenge told the Associated Press. Kids are self-centered enough already† (174). In other words, our society needs to stop constantly reciting the phrase â€Å"you’re special† to us the Millennial Generation because it will only cause our egos to sky rocket. I can recall throughout my childhood that my parents, aunts, uncles and even grandparents would always tell my cousins and me that we were all very special individuals who will succeed in life. Even until this day, they continue to say that we’re special and that they’re proud of the type of children we’re becoming. This doesn’t entirely help me or my cousins at all. Instead, it just causes us to become more conceited than before. Nowadays, everywhere I go, I always see our generation talking back to parents, making a fuss when things don’t go according to plan or their way, or even when they don’t get something that they want. We expect to receive everything freely because that’s how it was when we were younger instead of actually making an effort and working hard toward our goal. Our parents would get us anything we would because they wanted to provide us with everything that they didn’t get when they were our age. This growing mindset of being self-centered and egotistic is continuing to be a huge issue among our generation today which will only maintain that way unless we make a change. Materialism among us the Millennial is manifesting into a greater issue every single day. According to Sophia Yan, writer for The Oberlin Review, â€Å"Generation Y has grown up in a world with diverse Internet resources, iPods, MySpace, and intense multitasking — simultaneously chatting on AIM, finishing a problem set, watching television and listening to music. † Our generation has grown up with all these inventions of cell phones, computers, iPods and the internet; we have basically become the masters of technology. We’re completely compelled by always having to get the newly made popular gadget. For instance, we are obsessed with Apple products. No matter where I’m at, whether it is at the mall, grocery store, park, school, etc†¦ I always see people of my generation with some type of Apple product. Once a new apple product comes out, it is like our generation simply receives a signal in our mind making us inclined to go get the new product. A great example of an apple product we’re obsessed with would be the iPhones. When the iPhone 5 came out about 2 months ago in September, all I heard my friends talk about was planning out when they were going to get it although they already had an iPhone 4 or 4s in working condition. The only new feature that I simply noticed about the 5 which differed from the 4 or 4s was that the screen was larger, the phone was thinner and that the internet on the phone was slightly faster. When I asked them why they wanted to get it, they didn’t really have any reasonable reason as to why they were getting it. They were simply getting it because it was a new apple product. This led me to wonder about how our generation came to become as spoiled and engulfed in materialistic items as we are now. But in truth, we are just a generation that is very concerned with how people see us and what they think of us. According to the Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, â€Å"Young consumers, especially, have a need to bolster their self-images through having â€Å"cool† looks. Generation Y consumers generally prefer brands with an identity based on values with which they can identify and through which they can express their individuality. † We basically prefer having brand name items to wear or use because that’s all we see people around us having which causes us to also want to get them in order to fit in. We can’t help but love our name brand clothes, shoes, accessories, purses, computers/ laptops, internet, iPods, cars, and of course money. So, we need to actually take a moment and tell ourselves that in order for us to fix this materialistic problem that we’re struggling with, we have to realize that we don’t always have to give into temptation of getting something because it just came out or because our friends or peers got it. Our generation is completely and utterly obsessed with the use of Facebook, Tumblr, YouTube, Twitter and other social media sites. Nowadays, every teenager or youth is seen to be online quite often interacting with their friends or peers. In â€Å"[emailprotected]: Generation Next Is Living Out Loud and Online† Melissa Ludwig states â€Å"In these kids, a combination of self-confidence and technological savvy has led to the explosion of Web sites such as YouTube, which allows users to upload homemade videos, and social networking sites such as Myspace and Facebook, where anyone can create a personalized Web site to message friends and post pictures, blogs, videos and music† (170). Ludwig implies that within our generation the ombining of having self-esteem and being extremely knowledgeable with the usage of technology has led to the massive increase in usage of social media websites. Our generation has grown way too fond of the social media sites and is enthralled in its features. Ludwig states â€Å"Facebook, Myspace and YouTube provide an outlet to a generation of voices competing to be heard, she said. The sites have gone beyond touching base with friends to an arena where people vie for the most digital friends, the best videos, the coolest sites, and biggest audience† (171). She also states â€Å"Now it all becomes a competition, seeking attention and seeking status rather than a true connection between people, or a meaningful connection† (171). These sites have grown from just being a social media site; rather they are growing into a competition of status. For example, Tumblr is a free blogging site where users can freely share anything like text, images, links, videos, quotes, etc. onto their own personal blog site. There is also this feature called â€Å"Followers†, where a lot of Tumblr users like to refer to as the more followers you have, the more â€Å"Tumblr Famous† you are. So people like to promote themselves to get followers. I personally have a Tumblr, but I could care less about how many followers I have. I just use the site to express my emotions and thoughts freely when I’m unable to do it in reality. Several of my friends on the other hand are constantly bragging about how many followers they have and continue to want to gain more. With us being focused on something as silly as how many followers we have on a blog site, we really need to rethink about how we can change our ways and use our new technological resources to make the world a better place. We are generation that is capable of making a positive and great impact on the world but instead we decide to let these negative aspects in our life dominate our lives. We have the opportunity to make the world a better place for our future children but first we have to change our egotism, materialistic desires and our usage/addiction to social networking and media. We have become lazy and dependent on our parents to provide everything for us or for things to be easily given to us because of the way we grew up and how we were raised as a child. Our generation really needs to take steps into making a change of our negative habits and turning them into positive ones that will allow us to embrace the great opportunities out there for us to create a better world for our future kids.